The Kurdish referendum highlighted the fact that external powers have long used the Kurds as a important allies in the Middle East but never took seriously the idea their desire for independence. Sanan Moradi and I have a forthcoming book chapter on the fragmentation of Kurdistan. At the moment, however, independence for the Kurdish region of northern Iraq focuses the question on its viability. The mullahs of Iran have already begun to threaten military action; Turkey’s position has long been known.